From df251b1c38e43f43f3cb4cb49b131a975464521e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Frederik Lindenaar <frederik@lindenaar.nl>
Date: Sat, 22 Sep 2018 00:52:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] initial checkin / version

---
 LICENSE.txt      | 674 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 README.md        | 158 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 freeipa-dns.py   | 597 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 users2freeipa.py | 632 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 2061 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 LICENSE.txt
 create mode 100644 README.md
 create mode 100755 freeipa-dns.py
 create mode 100755 users2freeipa.py

diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94a9ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,674 @@
+                    GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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+  Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
+Program specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General
+Public License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the
+option of following the terms and conditions either of that numbered
+version or of any later version published by the Free Software
+Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of the
+GNU General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's
+public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
+later version.
+
+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
+IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.
+
+                     END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+            How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
+
+  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
+possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
+free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.
+
+  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
+to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
+state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
+the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
+
+    <one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
+    Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
+
+  If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short
+notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
+
+    <program>  Copyright (C) <year>  <name of author>
+    This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
+    This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
+    under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.
+
+The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate
+parts of the General Public License.  Of course, your program's commands
+might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an "about box".
+
+  You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school,
+if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary.
+For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see
+<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+  The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program
+into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you
+may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with
+the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General
+Public License instead of this License.  But first, please read
+<http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c54b66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+FreeIPA Scripts
+===============
+This repository contains a small collection of scripts written to migrate my
+existing LDAP/DNS setup (MacOS Server) to [FreeIPA](https://www.freeipa.org)
+and manage my setup afterwards. These scripts provide functionality unavailable
+in the FreeIPA command line tools. They use the FreeIPA API as much as possible
+as I didn't like the provided alternatives for migration to directly update the
+FreeIPA LDAP database. Most of these script / commands are meant to synchronize
+between an existing situation and FreeIPA and are safe to run multiple times.
+As side-effect, this also makes them suitable to support a gradual migration
+over time (where a source system is still in production until final cut-over)
+
+The latest versions, documentation and a bug tracker are available on my
+[GitLab instance](https://gitlab.lindenaar.net/scripts/freeipa)
+
+Copyright (c) 2018 Frederik Lindenaar. free for distribution under the GNU
+General Public License, see [below](#license)
+
+Contents
+========
+This repository contains the following scripts:
+  * [users2freeipa.py](#users2freeipa)
+    is a migration script to transfer/synchronize LDAP users to/with FreeIPA
+  * [freeipa-dns.py](#freeipadns)
+    is a script providing functionality not available in FreeIPA itself to
+    migrate/synchronize and maintain DNS zones in FreeIPA
+
+
+<a name=users2freeipa>users2freeipa.py</a>
+---------------------------------------------
+This script uses LDAP to obtain users from a MacOS Server (or other LDAP)
+server and synchronizes the results with the users registered in FreeIPA.
+Since it synchronizes data it is safe to run multiple times and users can be
+imported also as stage users initially.
+
+The intent is to migrate user data and to not drag on a legacy setup. For
+this reason, the script will create new user and group IDs and not copy homedir
+and shell information by default. For the IDs, the legacy information can be
+stored in an FreeIPA ID View so it remains available, other items can be copied
+over using command line options. Passwords can be copied-over (if available in
+a usable format), and the script also supports having FreeIPA generate random
+passwords and store these in a file for further processing/sharing with users.
+
+Users can be copied from an existing (generic) LDAP database and a MacOS Server
+OpenDirectory-flavor LDAP server. In this case, additional information (e.g.
+Apple's generatedUID) will be copied over as well. Please note that this does
+require customizing the FreeIPA LDAP schema, which the script will check for
+and can install (option ```-U```). As the setup is modular it should be easy
+to tweak or add other migrations.
+
+By default all users will be migrated/synchronized, but it is also possible to
+limit this to specific user(s) or group(s) or specifically exclude specific
+users or groups. An example to copy all users in the group ```workgroup```
+except ```admin``` from an Apple MacOS OpenDirectory server:
+~~~
+./users2freeipa.py -v -O -U -c "Legacy LDAP" -g workgroup -x admin -G \
+                   -P -p passwords.txt ldap://ldap.mydomain.tld
+~~~
+This will also install the OpenDirectory-specific schema customization, create
+groups and copy group memberships, copy usuable passwords and ensure that all
+users have a password (storing generated passwords to ```passwords.txt```)
+
+Before running a production user migration, it is important to have FreeIPA
+setup and configured correctly so that the right defaults are used for new
+users. Best is to start with a single user and add that as a stage user (please
+note that this will not yet assign userIDs, group memberships and a password
+as FreeIPA does not yet support that) and use an ID View to store legacy data.
+
+For all available command-line options, run ```users2freeipa.py -h```
+
+
+<a name=freeipadns>freeipa-dns.py</a>
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+This script provides functionality not provided by FreeIPA to migrate and/or
+synchronize / maintain DNS data in FreeIPA. Currently the following commands
+are implemented:
+  * axfr - import/synchronize a DNS zone in FreeIPA using a zone-xfer.
+    for example, to migrate / synchronize fromain ```domain.tld``` from DNS
+    server ```192.168.1.53``` without checking DNS overlap, issue the command:
+    ~~~
+    ./freeipa-dns.py -v axfr -T 172.1.2.53 -n -f none 192.168.1.53 domain.tld
+    ~~~
+    in addition, this will ensure zone-xfers are allowed from ```172.1.2.53```
+    and disable forwarding in FreeIPA.
+  * copy - copy a DNS record in FreeIPA within or between zones
+    for example, to copy ```A``` and ```AAAA``` from host ```wwww.domain.tld```
+    to the domain ```domain.tld``` itself, issue the command:
+    ~~~
+    ./freeipa-dns.py -v copy -l A AAAA wwww.domain.tld -T domain.tld
+    ~~~
+  * move - move a DNS record in FreeIPA from one one to another
+    for example, to move ```host1.int``` in zone ```domain.tld``` to ```host```
+    in zone ```int.domain.tld``` issue the command:
+    ~~~
+    ./freeipa-dns.py -v move -z domain.tld host.int host.int.domain.tld
+    ~~~
+  * serial - update (set) zone serial(s) in FreeIPA, supporting both RFC1912
+    style serials (YYYYMMDD##) based on current date and setting the serial to
+    a specific value. To set the serial of a zone to revision 2 of today for
+    zones ```zone1.mydomain.tld``` and ```zone2.mydomain.tld```, run:
+    ~~~~
+    ./freeipa-dns.py -v serial -t 2 zone1.mydomain.tld zone2.mydomain.tld
+    ~~~~
+    by default this command will set the serial to a larger value (which can be
+    overridden with the ```-f```/```--force``` flag)
+  * generate - generate number-range DNS records/attributes in FreeIPA
+    This is meant to generate series of hosts or attributes, for example, to
+    generate hosts ```dhcp-01``` to ```dhcp-10``` in zone ```int.mydomain.tld```
+    with ip addresses starting from ```192.168.2.100``` issue to command:
+    ~~~
+    ./freeipa-dns.py -v generate int.mydomain.tld dhcp-%02d -4 192.168.2.100 \
+                     --auto-increment-a -n 5
+    ~~~
+    it can also be used to generate a farm of web servers in different subnets
+    with the command:
+    ~~~
+    ./freeipa-dns.py -v generate int.mydomain.tld www -4 192.168.%d.80 -n 5
+    ~~~
+  * reverse-ptr - create/update reverse DNS (PTR) entries in FreeIPA
+    With this command reverse-zones can be automatically maintained. it scans
+    the zones in FreeIPA for ```A``` and ```AAAA``` records and creates the
+    corresponding records in the ```in-addr.arpa``` and ```ip6.arpa``` zones.
+    The reverse zones must exist, and can also be created with this command by:
+    ~~~
+    ./freeipa-dns.py -v reverse-ptr -n -p -c 10. 10.100 192.168 2001:0db8:85a3
+    ~~~
+    which will create the reverse zones for prefixes 10.* 10.100.* 192.168.*
+    and ipv6 prefix 2001:0db8:85a3. Reverse (PTR) records will automatically be
+    created in the correct zone with the following command:
+    ~~~
+    ./freeipa-dns.py -v reverse-ptr -a
+    ~~~
+    by default, the command will not overwrite existing records, (which can be
+    overridden with the ```-o```/```--override``` flag). To force a PTR record
+    to point to a specific host, e.g. ```www.mydomain.tld``` run the command:
+    ~~~
+    ./freeipa-dns.py -v reverse-ptr -o -z mydomain.tld -H www
+    ~~~
+
+for available commands run ```freeipa-dns.py -h``` and to get an overview of
+the available options for each commmand run ```freeipa-dns.py <command> -h```
+
+
+<a name="license">License</a>
+-----------------------------
+These scripts, documentation & configration examples are free software: you can
+redistribute and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
+as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,
+or (at your option) any later version.
+
+This script, documenatation and configuration examples are distributed in the
+hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
+General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+this program.  If not, download it from <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
diff --git a/freeipa-dns.py b/freeipa-dns.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..ed777a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/freeipa-dns.py
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# freeipa-dns.py - python script to migrate and maintain DNS domains in FreeIPA
+#
+# Version 1.0, latest version, documentation and bugtracker available at:
+#		https://gitlab.lindenaar.net/scripts/freeipa
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2018 Frederik Lindenaar
+#
+# This script is free software,you can redistribute and/or modify it under the
+# terms of version 3 of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation, or (at your option) any later version of the license.
+#
+# This script is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY
+# WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+# this program.  If not, visit <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> to download it.
+
+"""
+migrate/synchronize and maintain DNS domain(s) with FreeIPA.
+
+This script provides functionality not provided by FreeIPA to migrate and/or
+synchronize / maintain DNS data in FreeIPA. Currently the following commands
+are implemented:
+    axfr            import/synchronize a DNS zone in FreeIPA using a zone-xfer
+    copy            copy a DNS record in FreeIPA within or between zones
+    move            move a DNS record in FreeIPA from one one to another
+    serial          update (set) zone serial(s) in FreeIPA
+    generate        generate number-range DNS records/attributes in FreeIPA
+    reverse-ptr     create/update reverse DNS (PTR) entries in FreeIPA
+
+for available commands run 'freeipa-dns.py -h and to get an overview of
+the available options for each commmand run 'freeipa-dns.py <command> -h'
+"""
+
+import os, logging
+from datetime import date
+from argparse import ArgumentParser, FileType, \
+              _StoreAction as StoreAction, _StoreConstAction as StoreConstAction
+
+import dns.query
+import dns.zone
+from dns.rdatatype import SOA, HINFO
+from dns.exception import DNSException
+
+from ipalib import api
+from ipalib.errors import PublicError, AuthenticationError, NotFound
+
+
+VERSION="1.0"
+PROG_NAME=os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(__file__))[0]
+PROG_VERSION=PROG_NAME + ' ' + VERSION
+LOG_FORMAT='%(levelname)s - %(message)s'
+LOG_FORMAT_FILE='%(asctime)s - ' + LOG_FORMAT
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(PROG_NAME)
+
+
+##################[ Action to immediately set the log level ]##################
+class SetLogLevel(StoreConstAction):
+    """ArgumentParser action to set log level to provided const value"""
+    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
+        logging.getLogger(PROG_NAME).setLevel(self.const)
+
+####################[ Action to immediately log to a file ]####################
+class SetLogFile(StoreAction):
+    """ArgumentParser action to log to file (sets up FileHandler accordingly)"""
+    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
+        super(SetLogFile, self).__call__(parser,namespace,values,option_string)
+        formatter = logging.Formatter(LOG_FORMAT_FILE)
+        handler = logging.FileHandler(values)
+        handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+        logger = logging.getLogger(PROG_NAME)
+        logger.propagate = False
+        logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+def get_zone_opts(args):
+    return {
+        'dnsttl':           None if args.ttl is None else str(args.ttl),
+        'dnsdefaultttl':    None if args.default_ttl is None else str(args.default_ttl),
+        'idnsforwardpolicy':args.forward_policy,
+        'idnsforwarders':   args.forwarder,
+        'idnsallowquery':   ';'.join(args.allow_query)+';' if args.allow_query else None,
+        'idnsallowtransfer':';'.join(args.allow_transfer)+';' if args.allow_transfer else None,
+        'idnsallowsyncptr': args.create_reverse_ptr,
+    }, {
+        'skip_nameserver_check':args.no_ns_check,
+        'skip_overlap_check':   args.no_ns_check,
+    }, {
+        'force':                args.no_ns_check,
+    }
+
+############################[ AXFR implementation ]############################
+def process_zone(api, dnszone, args):
+    """Process a single DNS Zone and synchronize with FreeIPA using its API"""
+    domain = args.merge_zone if args.merge_zone else str(dnszone.origin)
+    logger.info('processing DNS domain %s to %s', str(dnszone.origin), domain)
+    soa_data = dnszone.get_rdataset(dnszone.origin, SOA)[0]
+    zone_opts, add_opts, mod_opts = get_zone_opts(args)
+    try:
+        ipa_data = api.Command.dnszone_show(domain, all=True)['result']
+        updates = { key: str(soa_value) for key, ipa_value in (
+                (k, v[0]) for k,v in ipa_data.items() if k.startswith('idnssoa')
+            ) for soa_value in ( getattr(soa_data, key[7:]), )
+            if ( int(soa_value) > int(ipa_value) if key == 'idnssoaserial'
+                                        else str(soa_value) != str(ipa_value) )
+        }
+        updates.update((key, value) for key,value in zone_opts.items()
+                            if value is not None and not (key in ipa_data and
+                                value in ipa_data[key] if isinstance(value, str)
+                                else set(value).issubset(ipa_data.get(key))))
+        if updates:
+            logger.info('updating existing domain %s in FreeIPA', domain)
+            logger.debug('updating domain %s with %s', domain, updates)
+            api.Command.dnszone_mod(domain, **mod_opts, **updates)
+        else:
+            logger.debug('no updates for existing domain %s in FreeIPA', domain)
+    except NotFound:
+        logger.info('creating new domain %s in FreeIPA', domain)
+        response = api.Command.dnszone_add(domain, **zone_opts, **add_opts, **{
+            'idnssoa'+key: str(getattr(soa_data, key)) for key in [
+                'mname','rname','serial','refresh','retry','expire','minimum']})
+        print(response)
+
+        api.Command.dnsrecord_del(domain, '@',
+                                        nsrecord=response['result']['nsrecord'])
+
+    recordname = lambda x: dns.rdatatype.to_text(x.rdtype).lower()+'record'
+    optionchecks = tuple((key, datafield) for key, argopt, datafield in (
+            ('force', 'no_ns_check', 'nsrecord'),
+            ('a_extra_create_reverse', 'create_reverse_ptr', 'arecord'),
+            ('aaaa_extra_create_reverse', 'create_reverse_ptr', 'aaaarecord')
+    ) if getattr(args, argopt) )
+    options = lambda data: { k: True for k, f in optionchecks if f in data }
+    for rname, rdataset in dnszone.items():
+        name = str(rname)
+        dns_data = { recordname(rdatas[0]): tuple(map(str, rdatas))
+                                for rdatas in rdataset.rdatasets
+                                    if rdatas[0].rdtype not in (SOA, HINFO) }
+        try:
+            ipa_data = api.Command.dnsrecord_show(domain, name)['result']
+            dns_data={ key: value for key, value in dns_data.items() if not (
+                        key in ipa_data and set(value).issubset(ipa_data[key]))}
+            if dns_data:
+                logger.info('updating %s in domain %s in FreeIPA', name, domain)
+        except NotFound:
+            logger.info('adding %s to domain %s in FreeIPA', name, domain)
+        finally:
+            if dns_data:
+                dns_data.update(options(dns_data))
+                logger.debug(dns_data)
+                api.Command.dnsrecord_add(domain, name, **dns_data)
+            else:
+                logger.debug('no updates for entry %s', name)
+
+def axfr(api, args):
+    for domain in args.dnszone:
+        logger.info('performing zone-xfer for domain %s', domain)
+        axfr_request = dns.query.xfr(args.dnsserver, domain,
+                        source=args.source_address, relativize=args.relativize)
+        dnszone = dns.zone.from_xfr(axfr_request, relativize=args.relativize)
+        process_zone(api, dnszone, args)
+
+
+############################[ COPY implementation ]############################
+def copy(api, args, remove=False):
+    """Copy a DNS Record in FreeIPA and optionally remove the source values"""
+    src_record, src_zone = ('@', args.source_record) if args.source_zone else \
+            (args.source_record, args.source_zone_name) if args.source_zone_name else \
+            args.source_record.split('.', 1)
+    dst_record, dst_zone = ('@', args.target_record) if args.target_zone else \
+            (args.target_record, args.target_zone_name) if args.target_zone_name else \
+            args.target_record.split('.', 1)
+
+    logger.debug('%s %s in %s to %s in %s', 'Moving' if remove else 'Copying',
+                                    src_record, src_zone, dst_record, dst_zone)
+
+    src_data = { key:value for key,value in
+        api.Command.dnsrecord_show(src_zone, src_record)['result'].items()
+            if key.endswith('record') and
+            (not args.limit_records or key[:-6].upper() in args.limit_records) }
+    logger.debug("obtained source data from %s in domain %s,%s", src_record, src_zone, src_data)
+
+    try:
+        dst_data = api.Command.dnsrecord_show(dst_zone, dst_record)['result']
+        if not args.merge:
+            logger.error("Destination record %s already exists in zone %s", dst_record, dst_zone)
+            exit(1)
+        updates = { key: value for key, value in src_data.items()
+            if not (key in dst_data and set(value).issubset(dst_data[key]))
+        }
+        if updates:
+            logger.info('updating %s in domain %s in FreeIPA', dst_record, dst_zone)
+    except NotFound:
+        logger.info('creating %s in domain %s in FreeIPA', dst_record, dst_zone)
+        updates = src_data
+
+    if updates:
+        logger.debug(updates)
+        api.Command.dnsrecord_add(dst_zone, dst_record, **updates)['result']
+    else:
+        logger.debug('no updates for entry %s in domain %s', dst_record, dst_zone)
+
+    if remove and src_data:
+        if not args.limit_records:
+            logger.info('removing %s from domain %s in FreeIPA', src_record, src_zone)
+            api.Command.dnsrecord_delentry(src_zone, (src_record,))
+        else:
+            logger.info('removing attributes %s from %s in domain %s in FreeIPA',
+                                    args.limit_records, src_record, src_zone)
+            api.Command.dnsrecord_del(src_zone, src_record, **src_data)
+
+
+############################[ MOVE implementation ]############################
+def move(api, args):
+    """Move a DNS Record from one DNS zone in FreeIPA to another or rename it"""
+    copy(api, args, True)
+
+
+###########################[ SERIAL implementation ]###########################
+def serial(api, args, date=date.today()):
+    """Set the SOA serial number of a DNS zone to specified or RFC1912 value"""
+    serial = int(args.serial if args.serial else '%04d%02d%02d%02d'%(date.year,
+                        0 if args.year_revision is not False else date.month,
+                        0 if args.today_revision is False else date.day,
+                        args.year_revision if args.year_revision else
+                            args.month_revision if args.month_revision else
+                            args.today_revision if args.today_revision else 0))
+    for domain in args.dnszone:
+        ipa_serial = int(
+                api.Command.dnszone_show(domain)['result']['idnssoaserial'][0])
+        if ipa_serial > serial and not (args.force or args.ignore_greater):
+            logger.error('current serial %s of %s is greater than target (%s)',
+                                                    ipa_serial, domain, serial)
+            exit(1)
+        elif serial > ipa_serial or (args.force and serial != ipa_serial):
+            logger.info('updating serial of %s to %s', domain, serial)
+            api.Command.dnszone_mod(domain, idnssoaserial=serial)
+
+
+##########################[ GENERATE implementation ]##########################
+def generate(api, args):
+    """Generate DNS records / set DNS attributes based on a number range """
+    records = { key: value for key in dir(args) if key.endswith('record')
+                    for value in (getattr(args, key),) if value is not None }
+    dynamic = [k for k, v in records.items() if any(map(lambda x: '%' in x, v))]
+    autoincrement = { key: {'sep':':', 'maxvalue':65535, 'base':16, 'fmt':'%x'}
+                        if key == 'aaaarecord' else {} for key in records.keys()
+                            if getattr(args, 'auto_increment_'+key[:-6]) }
+    def increment(value, sep='.', maxvalue=255, base=10, fmt='%d'):
+        rest, _, value = value.rpartition(sep)
+        value = 1 if value == '' or value == 'None' else int(value, base) + 1
+        return rest + sep + fmt % value if value < maxvalue else \
+                    increment(rest, sep, maxvalue, base, fmt) + sep + 1
+    for number in range(args.start, args.end+1 if args.end else args.start+args.number):
+        name = args.template % number if '%' in args.template else args.template
+        if number > args.start:
+            for key, params in autoincrement.items():
+                records[key] = list(map(lambda x: x if '%' in x else \
+                                        increment(x, **params), records[key]))
+        dst_data = records.copy()
+        for key in dynamic:
+            dst_data[key] = list(map(lambda x: x%number if '%' in x else x, records[key]))
+        try:
+            ipa_data = api.Command.dnsrecord_show(args.dnszone, name)['result']
+            updates = { key: value for key, value in dst_data.items()
+                if not (key in ipa_data and set(value).issubset(ipa_data[key]))}
+            if updates:
+                logger.info('updating %s in domain %s in FreeIPA', name, args.dnszone)
+                logger.debug(updates)
+                api.Command.dnsrecord_mod(args.dnszone, name, **updates)
+            else:
+                logger.debug('no updates for entry %s in domain %s', name, args.dnszone)
+        except NotFound:
+            logger.info('creating %s in domain %s in FreeIPA', name, args.dnszone)
+            logger.debug(updates)
+            api.Command.dnsrecord_add(args.dnszone, name, **dst_data)
+
+
+#########################[ REVERSEPTR implementation ]#########################
+def reverseptr(api, args):
+    rev_zones, ipv4_rev_zones, ipv6_rev_zones = {}, {}, {}
+    logger.info('Fetching existing reverse PTR domains')
+    for revzone in (zone for d in
+            api.Command.dnszone_find('.arpa.',pkey_only=True)['result']
+                for zone in map(str, d['idnsname']) if zone.endswith('.arpa.')):
+        prefix, _, type = revzone[:-6].rpartition('.')
+        if type == 'ip6':
+            if not args.ipv6:
+                continue
+            reverse = lambda v: ''.join(reversed(v.replace('.','')))
+            prefix = reverse(prefix)
+            ipv6_rev_zones[prefix] = revzone
+        else:
+            if not args.ipv4:
+                continue
+            reverse = lambda v: '.'.join(reversed(v.split('.')))
+            prefix = reverse(prefix) + '.'
+            ipv4_rev_zones[prefix] = revzone
+        if args.dnszone or args.all_zones:
+            logger.debug('Loading reverse PTR domain %s for %s*',revzone,prefix)
+            rev_zones[prefix] = { prefix+reverse(str(ptr)): host
+                for d in api.Command.dnsrecord_find(revzone)['result']
+                    for ptr in d['idnsname'] for host in d.get('ptrrecord', ())}
+        else:
+            rev_zones[prefix] = {}
+
+    for revprefix in args.create_revprefix:
+        try:
+            if ':' in revprefix and args.ipv6:
+                revtype = 'ipv6 '
+                revprefix = revprefix.strip(': \t\r\n')
+                revprefix = ''.join([ '%04x' % int(w,16)
+                                            for w in revprefix.split(':',7) ])
+                ipv6_rev_zones[revprefix] = revzone = \
+                                '.'.join(reversed(revprefix)) + '.ip6.arpa.'
+            elif '.' in revprefix and args.ipv4:
+                revtype = 'ipv4 '
+                revprefix = revprefix.strip('. \t\r\n')
+                if revprefix.count('.') > 3 or any(map(lambda x: x<0 or x>255,
+                                            map(int, revprefix.split('.')))):
+                    raise ValueError('not a valid IPv4 value')
+                revzone = '.'.join(reversed(revprefix.split('.'))) + '.in-addr.arpa.'
+                revprefix += '.'
+                ipv4_rev_zones[revprefix] = revzone
+            else:
+                revtype = ''
+                raise ValueError('unsupported reverse zone prefix')
+        except ValueError as e:
+            logger.critical('Error: %sreverse zone prefix %s is not valid: %s',
+                                                        revtype, revprefix, e)
+            exit(1)
+        else:
+            if revprefix in rev_zones:
+                logger.debug('%sreverse zone %s exists', revtype, revprefix)
+            else:
+                logger.info('Creating %sreverse zone %s for %s*',
+                                                    revtype, revzone, revprefix)
+                zone_opts, add_opts, _ = get_zone_opts(args)
+                api.Command.dnszone_add(revzone, **zone_opts, **add_opts)
+                rev_zones[revprefix] = {}
+
+    revattrs = [ ('arecord', ipv4_rev_zones, sorted(ipv4_rev_zones), str,
+        lambda t,v: '.'.join(reversed(v[len(t):].split('.')))) ] if args.ipv4 else []
+    if args.ipv6:
+        revattrs.append( ('aaaarecord', ipv6_rev_zones, sorted(ipv6_rev_zones),
+                        lambda v: ''.join([ '0000' * (8-v.count(':')) if w == ''
+                            else '%04x' % int(w, 16) for w in v.split(':') ]),
+                        lambda t,v: '.'.join(reversed(v[len(t):]))) )
+    excluded_zones = map(lambda x: x.strip(':.\t\r\n')+'.', args.exclude_zone)
+    for zone in (z for z in ((n for d in
+            api.Command.dnszone_find(pkey_only=True, idnszoneactive=True)['result']
+                for n in map(str, d['idnsname'])) if args.all_zones
+            else map(lambda x: x.strip(':.\t\r\n')+'.', args.dnszone))
+                if not (z.endswith('in-addr.arpa.') or z.endswith('ip6.arpa.')
+                                                    or z in excluded_zones)):
+        logger.info('Processing DNS zone %s', zone)
+        for record in ( api.Command.dnsrecord_show(zone, host)['result']
+            for host in args.host) if args.host \
+                                else api.Command.dnsrecord_find(zone)['result']:
+            recordname = str(record['idnsname'][0])
+            recordname = zone if recordname=='@' else '%s.%s'%(recordname,zone)
+            for revattr,revzones,revzonelist,revconvert,revformat in revattrs:
+                for ipaddr in record.get(revattr, ()):
+                    revaddr = revconvert(ipaddr)
+                    try:
+                        *oldrevs, revtarget = [ rz for rz in revzonelist
+                                                    if revaddr.startswith(rz) ]
+                    except ValueError:
+                        logger.debug('Skipping %s (%s): no reverse DNS zone',
+                                                            ipaddr, recordname)
+                    else:
+                        reventry = revformat(revtarget, revaddr)
+                        revzone = revzones[revtarget]
+                        currrev = rev_zones[revtarget].get(revaddr)
+                        if currrev == recordname:
+                            logger.debug('no update for %s (%s) in %s',
+                                                reventry, recordname, revzone)
+                        elif currrev and not args.overwrite:
+                            logger.warn('not updating %s (%s) in %s pointing to'
+                                ' %s', reventry, recordname, revzone, currrev)
+                        else:
+                            action = 'modifying' if currrev else 'adding'
+                            logger.info('%s %s (%s) to %s', action, reventry,
+                                                            recordname, revzone)
+                            getattr(api.Command, 'dnsrecord_%s' % action[:3])(
+                                        revzone, reventry, ptrrecord=recordname)
+                            rev_zones[revtarget][revaddr] = recordname
+                        for revzone, reventry, oldentry in ( (revzones[r],
+                                    revformat(r, revaddr), o) for r in oldrevs
+                                    for o in (rev_zones[r].get(revaddr),) if o):
+                            logger.info('removing %s (%s) from %s', reventry,
+                                                            oldentry, revzone)
+                            api.Command.dnsrecord_delentry(revzone, reventry)
+
+
+##########################[ Command-line processing ]##########################
+def parse_args():
+    """Parse command line and get parameters from environment if not set"""
+
+    record_types = (
+        ('A',       '4', 'IPv4 address'),
+        ('AAAA',    '6', 'IPv6 address'),
+        ('CNAME',   'c', 'canonical name (alias)'),
+        ('MX',      'm', 'Mail Exchange (priority + server)'),
+        ('NS',      'N', 'Nameserver name'),
+        ('PTR',     'p', 'Reverse address Pointer'),
+        ('SRV',     'V', 'Service record (priority+port+server)'),
+        ('TXT',     't', 'Text record'),
+        ('SSHFP',   'H', 'SSH Fingerprint (priority+type+fingerprint)'),
+    )
+    parser = ArgumentParser(
+        description='Migrate or synchronize a DNS zone in FreeIPA with DNS',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument('-V', '--version',action="version",version=PROG_VERSION)
+
+    pgroup = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-q', '--quiet',   action=SetLogLevel, const=logging.CRITICAL,
+                        default=logging.CRITICAL, help='quiet (only fatal errors)')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action=SetLogLevel, const=logging.INFO,
+                        help='more verbose output')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-d', '--debug',   action=SetLogLevel, const=logging.DEBUG,
+                        help='debug output')
+
+    parser.add_argument('-l', '--logfile', action=SetLogFile,
+                        help='send logging output to logfile')
+
+    zoneoptionsparser = ArgumentParser(add_help=False)
+    zoneoptionsparser.add_argument('-n', '--no-ns-check', action='store_true',
+                        help='force zone/record creation in case NS not in DNS')
+    zoneoptionsparser.add_argument('-p', '--create-reverse-ptr', action='store_true',
+                        help='Enable updating reverse records for created zone(s)')
+    zoneoptionsparser.add_argument('-f','--forward-policy',choices=('first','only','none'),
+                        default='first', help='Set forward policy for created zone(s)')
+    zoneoptionsparser.add_argument('-F', '--forwarder', nargs="+",
+                        help='Set IP addresses to forward queries for created zone(s)')
+    zoneoptionsparser.add_argument('-Q', '--allow-query', nargs="+", default=(),
+                        help='Set IP addresses/ranges that can query created zone(s)')
+    zoneoptionsparser.add_argument('-T', '--allow-transfer', nargs="+", default=(),
+                        help='Set IP addresses/ranges that can transfer created zone(s)')
+    zoneoptionsparser.add_argument('-t', '--ttl', type=int,
+                        help='Set TTL for SOA record of created zone(s)')
+    zoneoptionsparser.add_argument('-D', '--default-ttl', type=int,
+                        help='Set default TTL for records in created zone(s)')
+
+    subparser = parser.add_subparsers(title='Available commands', dest='command')
+    subparser.required=True
+    cmdparser = subparser.add_parser('axfr',    parents=[zoneoptionsparser],
+                help='import or synchronize an DNS zone in FreeIPA with the '
+                        'result of a zone-xfer',
+                description='Migrate or synchronize a DNS zone in FreeIPA with '
+                    'an external DNS server. Since it synchronizes data it is '
+                    'safe to run multiple times for a domain.',
+                epilog='Please note that this uses a domain-xfer to fetch DNS '
+                        'zone(s) so the DNS server must allow a Zone Transfer '
+                        'for the domain from the host running the script for '
+                        'this command to work')
+    cmdparser.set_defaults(func=axfr,   cmdparser=cmdparser)
+    cmdparser.add_argument('-s', '--source-address',
+                        help='perform the zone-xfr from specified address')
+    pgroup = cmdparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-r', '--relativize', action='store_true', default=True,
+                        help='store DNS records relative to zone origin')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-a','--absolute',action='store_false',dest='relativize',
+                        help='store DNS records with absolute DNS domain')
+
+    cmdparser.add_argument('-m', '--merge-zone',
+                            help='merge DNSZONE(s) into MERGE_ZONE')
+    cmdparser.add_argument('dnsserver', help='DNS Server to request the zone from')
+    cmdparser.add_argument('dnszone',   nargs='+',  help='DNS Zone to synchronize')
+
+    commonparser = ArgumentParser(add_help=False)
+    commonparser.add_argument('-m', '--merge', action='store_true',
+                            help='merge SRC_RECORD into DST_RECORD (default is '
+                                    'to fail when DST_RECORD exists)')
+    commonparser.add_argument('-l', '--limit-records', nargs='+',
+                                choices=list(map(lambda x:x[0], record_types)),
+                            help='only move specified record types (default is to move all)')
+    pgroup = commonparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-z', '--source-zone-name',
+                            help='DNS zone to move SRC_RECORD from (will use SRC_RECORD if not provided)')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-Z', '--source-zone', action='store_true',
+                            help='move attributes from DNS zone SRC_RECORD itself')
+    pgroup = commonparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-t', '--target-zone-name',
+                            help='new name for SRC_RECORD in DST_RECORD')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-T', '--target-zone', action='store_true',
+                            help='move attributes from to DNS zone SRC_RECORD itself')
+    commonparser.add_argument('source_record', help='source record(s) to move')
+    commonparser.add_argument('target_record', help='DNS Zone to move records to')
+
+    cmdparser = subparser.add_parser('copy',parents=[commonparser],
+                    help='Copy a DNS record in FreeIPA within or between zones')
+    cmdparser.set_defaults(func=copy,       cmdparser=cmdparser)
+
+    cmdparser = subparser.add_parser('move',parents=[commonparser],
+                    help='Move a DNS record in FreeIPA from one one to another')
+    cmdparser.set_defaults(func=move,       cmdparser=cmdparser)
+
+    cmdparser = subparser.add_parser('serial',
+                                help='update (set) zone serial(s) in FreeIPA')
+    cmdparser.set_defaults(func=serial,   cmdparser=cmdparser)
+    pgroup = cmdparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-f', '--force', action='store_true',
+                        help='force setting the SOA serial, even when smaller '
+                                '(default is to only update to larger value)')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-i', '--ignore-greater', action='store_true',
+                        help='silently ignore exisging larger SOA serials '
+                           '(default is to abort if existing serial is larger)')
+    pgroup = cmdparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
+    generate_RFC1912 = 'generate RFC1912-format serial based on %s'
+    pgroup.add_argument('-y', '--current-year', type=int,
+                    dest='year_revision', nargs='?', default=False,
+                    help=generate_RFC1912 % 'current year (YYYY######)')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-m', '--current-month', type=int,
+                    dest='month_revision', nargs='?', default=False,
+                    help=generate_RFC1912 % 'current year & month (YYYYMM####)')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-t', '--today', type=int,
+                    dest='today_revision', nargs='?', default=False,
+                    help=generate_RFC1912 % 'current date (YYYYMMDD##)')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-s', '--serial', type=int,
+                    help='serial value to use (must be a 32-bit integer)')
+    cmdparser.add_argument('dnszone',   nargs='+',
+                    help='DNS Zone to update serial for')
+
+    cmdparser = subparser.add_parser('generate',
+         help='generate number-range DNS records/attributes in FreeIPA',
+         epilog='(*) %s/%d will be replaced with the sequence numnber, specify'
+                ' #leading zeros like with printf, i.e. %02d = 2 leading zeros')
+    cmdparser.set_defaults(func=generate,   cmdparser=cmdparser)
+    cmdparser.add_argument('-s', '--start', type=int, default=1,
+                            help='start (first) value of the numner range to generate, defaults to 1')
+    pgroup = cmdparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-e', '--end', type=int,
+                            help='end (last) value of the numner range to generate')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-n', '--number', type=int,
+                            help='number of entries to generate')
+    for record, option, description in record_types:
+        cmdparser.add_argument('-'+option, '--'+record.lower()+'record',
+                        nargs='+', help='set %s for record (*)' % description)
+        if option in ('4', '6'):
+            cmdparser.add_argument('--auto-increment-'+record.lower(),
+                    action='store_true', help='Automatically increment %s values without a pattern' % description)
+    cmdparser.add_argument('dnszone',   help='DNS Zone to generate records in')
+    cmdparser.add_argument('template',  help='template for the name of the generated records (*)')
+
+    cmdparser = subparser.add_parser('reverse-ptr', parents=[zoneoptionsparser],
+                help='create/update reverse DNS (PTR) entries in FreeIPA',
+                description='Generate IPv4/IPv6 reverse PTR zones and records.')
+    cmdparser.set_defaults(func=reverseptr,   cmdparser=cmdparser)
+    pgroup = cmdparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-4', '--ipv4', action='store_false', dest='ipv6', default=True,
+                            help='process only ipv4 addresses')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-6', '--ipv6', action='store_false', dest='ipv4', default=True,
+                            help='process only ipv6 addresses')
+    cmdparser.add_argument('-o', '--override', action='store_true',
+                            help='overwrite existing reverse PTR records (default is to only add new mappings)')
+    cmdparser.add_argument('-c', '--create_revprefix', nargs='+', default=(),
+                            help='create reverse zone for IPv4/IPv6 prefix '
+                '(must contain either . or :, e.g. 10. 192.168 2001:0db8:85a3)')
+    pgroup = cmdparser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-a', '--all-zones', action='store_true',
+                            help='process all enabled zones in FreeIPA')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-z', '--dnszone', nargs='+', default=(),
+                        help='DNS zone(s) to generate reverse pointer records for')
+    cmdparser.add_argument('-H', '--host', nargs='+',
+                            help='DNS host(s) to generate reverse pointer records for within each DNSZONE')
+    cmdparser.add_argument('-x', '--exclude-zone', nargs='+', default=(),
+                            help='exclude specified zones')
+
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+###############################################################################
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    logging.basicConfig(format=LOG_FORMAT)
+    args = parse_args()
+
+    try:
+        logger.debug('connecting to FreeIPA')
+        if api.isdone('finalize') is False:
+            api.bootstrap_with_global_options(context='api')
+            api.finalize()
+        api.Backend.rpcclient.connect()
+        args.func(api, args)
+        exit(0)
+    except DNSException as e:
+        logger.critical("Domain %s cannot be downloaded,%s", domain, e)
+    except AuthenticationError:
+        logger.critical("Unable to authenticate to FreeIPA, make sure you have a valid Kerberos ticket!")
+    except PublicError as e:
+        logger.critical("error while communicating with FreeIPA: %s", e)
+    exit(1)
+
diff --git a/users2freeipa.py b/users2freeipa.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..86cfdc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/users2freeipa.py
@@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
+#
+# usersfreeipa.py - python script to migrate/synchronize LDAP users with FreeIPA
+#
+# Version 1.0, latest version, documentation and bugtracker available at:
+#		https://gitlab.lindenaar.net/scripts/freeipa
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2018 Frederik Lindenaar
+#
+# This script is free software: you can redistribute and/or modify it under the
+# terms of version 3 of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+# Software Foundation, or (at your option) any later version of the license.
+#
+# This script is distributed in the hope that it will be useful but WITHOUT ANY
+# WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
+# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
+#
+# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+# this program.  If not, visit <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> to download it.
+
+"""
+migrate/synchronize LDAP users with FreeIPA.
+
+This script uses LDAP to obtain users from a MacOS Server (or other LDAP)
+server and synchronizes the results with the users registered in FreeIPA.
+Since it synchronizes data it is safe to run multiple times.
+
+for available command-line options, run 'users2freeipa.py -h'
+"""
+
+import os, logging
+from argparse import ArgumentParser, FileType, \
+              _StoreAction as StoreAction, _StoreConstAction as StoreConstAction
+from base64 import b64encode
+from getpass import getpass
+
+from ipalib import api
+from ipalib.errors import PublicError, AuthenticationError, NotFound
+
+from ldap import LDAPError, SCOPE_SUBTREE, MOD_ADD, MOD_DELETE
+from ldap.filter import escape_filter_chars
+from ldap.ldapobject import LDAPObject
+from ldap.resiter import ResultProcessor
+
+
+VERSION="1.0"
+PROG_NAME=os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(__file__))[0]
+PROG_VERSION=PROG_NAME + ' ' + VERSION
+LOG_FORMAT='%(levelname)s - %(message)s'
+LOG_FORMAT_FILE='%(asctime)s - ' + LOG_FORMAT
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(PROG_NAME)
+
+
+##################[ Action to immediately set the log level ]##################
+class SetLogLevel(StoreConstAction):
+    """ArgumentParser action to set log level to provided const value"""
+    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
+        logging.getLogger(PROG_NAME).setLevel(self.const)
+
+####################[ Action to immediately log to a file ]####################
+class SetLogFile(StoreAction):
+    """ArgumentParser action to log to file (sets up FileHandler accordingly)"""
+    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
+        super(SetLogFile, self).__call__(parser,namespace,values,option_string)
+        formatter = logging.Formatter(LOG_FORMAT_FILE)
+        handler = logging.FileHandler(values)
+        handler.setFormatter(formatter)
+        logger = logging.getLogger(PROG_NAME)
+        logger.propagate = False
+        logger.addHandler(handler)
+
+
+#################[ Generic LDAP Connection / ResultProcessor ]#################
+class custom_attr(str):   pass
+class LDAPConnection(LDAPObject,ResultProcessor):
+    """LDAPConnection implements the LDAP-specifics to migrate LDAP to FreeIPA
+
+    This class holds a generic implementation of the functionality needed to
+    migrate from a generic () LDAP server to FreeIPA. It is intended to be
+    subclassed to add the instance-specific parameters for implementation.
+
+    Parameters and LDAP attributes steering the migration to FreeIPA are in
+    the below attributes (to be overrided by implementation subclasses):
+
+        FreeIPA LDAP Schema customizations (used by check_schema)
+            SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTES:    custom attribute mapping (oid:definiton)
+            SCHEMA_OBJECTCLASSES: custom objectclass mapping (oid:definiton)
+
+        LDAP search parameters:
+            USER_SUBTREE:         LDAP users subtree (relative to baseDN)
+            USER_OBJECTCLASS:     objectclasses for searching users
+            USER_LOGINATTR:       user login / (unique) key attribute
+            USER_MAPPING:         mapping for LDAP attributes to FreeIPA
+                                  (LDAP attr: (FreeIPA attr, convert_func))
+            GROUP_SUBTREE:        LDAP groups subtree (relative to baseDN)
+            GROUP_OBJECTCLASS:    objectclasses for searching group(member)s
+            GROUP_NAMEATTR:       group name / (unique) key attribute
+            GROUP_DESCATTR:       group description attribute
+            GROUP_GIDATTR:        group gid attribute
+            GROUP_MEMBERATTR:     group member attribute with member logins
+    """
+    @staticmethod
+    def ldaplist2ipa(valuelist): return tuple(map(bytes.decode, valuelist))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def ldapstr2ipa(valuelist, default=()):
+        return ' '.join(map(bytes.decode, valuelist if valuelist else default))
+
+    FREEIPA_SCHEMA_DN = 'cn=schema'
+    SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTES = { }
+    SCHEMA_OBJECTCLASSES = { }
+
+    USER_OBJECTCLASS = ( 'posixAccount', 'shadowAccount' )
+
+    USER_SUBTREE = 'cn=users'
+    USER_LOGINATTR = 'uid'
+    USER_MAPPING = {    # based on http://www.zytrax.com/books/ldap/ape/
+        USER_LOGINATTR:     (USER_LOGINATTR,    ldaplist2ipa.__func__),
+        'userPassword':     ('userpassword',    ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'uidNumber':        ('uidnumber',       ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'gidNumber':        ('gidnumber',       ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'gecos':            ('gecos',           ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'homeDirectory':    ('homedirectory',   ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'loginShell':       ('loginshell',      ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'givenName':        ('givenname',       ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'sn':               ('sn',              ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'cn':               ('cn',              ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'displayname':      ('displayname',     ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'initials':         ('initials',        ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'title':            ('title',           ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'mail':             ('mail',            ldaplist2ipa.__func__),
+        'street':           ('street',          ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'l':                ('l',               ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'st':               ('st',              ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'postalCode':       ('postalcode',      ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'telephonenumber':  ('telephonenumber', ldaplist2ipa.__func__),
+        'mobile':           ('mobile',          ldaplist2ipa.__func__),
+        'pager':            ('pager',           ldaplist2ipa.__func__),
+        'facsimiletelephonenumber':('facsimiletelephonenumber',ldaplist2ipa.__func__),
+        'carlicense':       ('carlicense',      ldaplist2ipa.__func__),
+        'ou':               ('ou',              ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'departmentNumber': ('departmentnumber',ldaplist2ipa.__func__),
+        'employeeNumber ':  ('employeenumber',  ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'employeeType':     ('employeetype',    ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'manager':          ('manager',         ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+        'userCertificate':  ('usercertificate', ldaplist2ipa.__func__),
+        'preferredLanguage':('preferredlanguage',ldapstr2ipa.__func__),
+    }
+
+    GROUP_OBJECTCLASS = ( 'posixGroup', )
+    GROUP_SUBTREE = 'cn=groups'
+    GROUP_NAMEATTR = 'cn'
+    GROUP_DESCATTR = GROUP_NAMEATTR
+    GROUP_GIDATTR = 'gidNumber'
+    GROUP_MEMBERATTR = 'memberUid'
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def attrfilters(valuelist, attr, cmp='='):
+        """convert a value list into an LDAP-escaped attr=value filter list"""
+        return set(map(lambda x:attr + cmp + escape_filter_chars(x), valuelist))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def filters2str(*filters, operator, default=''):
+        """convert a list of filters to a single filter(string) with operator"""
+        result = set('(%s)' % f if f[0]!='(' else f for f in filters if f)
+        return '(' + operator + ''.join(result) + ')' if len(result) > 1 else \
+                result.pop() if result else default
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def notfilter(fstr):
+        """Create a negative (NOT) LDAP filter based on a filter (string)"""
+        return '' if not fstr else ('(!%s)' if fstr[0]=='(' else '(!(%s))')%fstr
+
+    def objectclassfilter(self, *objclasses, operator='|', cmp='=', default=''):
+        """Generates an LDAP filter to retrieve specific objectclass(es)"""
+        objclsfilter = self.attrfilters(objclasses, 'objectClass', cmp)
+        return self.filters2str(*objclsfilter,operator=operator,default=default)
+
+    def usersfilter(self, *users, operator='|', cmp='=', default=''):
+        """Generates an LDAP filter to retrieve users based on login name(s)"""
+        userfilter = self.attrfilters(users,self.USER_LOGINATTR,cmp)
+        return self.filters2str(*userfilter, operator=operator, default=default)
+
+    def groupsfilter(self, *groups, operator='|', cmp='=', default=''):
+        """Generates an LDAP filter to retrieve groups based on group name(s)"""
+        groupfilter = self.attrfilters(groups, self.GROUP_NAMEATTR, cmp)
+        return self.filters2str(*groupfilter, operator=operator, default=default)
+
+    def groupmemberfilter(self, *members, operator='|', cmp='=', default=''):
+        """Generates an LDAP filter to retrieve groups based on their members"""
+        memberfilter = self.attrfilters(members, self.GROUP_MEMBERATTR, cmp)
+        return self.filters2str(*memberfilter,operator=operator,default=default)
+
+    def __init__(self, server, basedn=None):
+        """Initialize connection to server, get server basedn unless provided"""
+        super(LDAPConnection, self).__init__(server)
+        self._basedn = basedn if basedn else self.get_naming_contexts()[0].decode()
+        logger.debug('Connected to %s, base_dn=%s', server, self._basedn)
+
+    def check_schema(self, exists=True, update_schema=False):
+        """Check if schema customizations are present in the FreeIPA LDAP
+           server (or not, depending on 'exists') and apply the changes if
+           'update_schema'. Returns whether the desired state is present.
+        """
+        if not self.SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTES and not self.SCHEMA_OBJECTCLASSES:
+            return True
+        logger.debug('Checking LDAP schema customizations presence in FreeIPA')
+        operation = MOD_ADD if exists else MOD_DELETE
+        config = { 'attributeTypes': self.SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTES,
+                    'objectClasses': self.SCHEMA_OBJECTCLASSES }
+        ipa_ldap = LDAPObject('ldap:///')
+        ipa_schema = ipa_ldap.read_s(self.FREEIPA_SCHEMA_DN, attrlist=config.keys())
+        updates = [ (operation, key, value) for key, cfg in config.items()
+            for cur in ({v.split(b' ')[1]: v for v in ipa_schema[key]},)
+                for value in ([ d for o,d in cfg.items() if o not in cur ] \
+                    if exists else [cur[o] for o in cfg if o in cur],) if value]
+        if updates and update_schema:
+            updates = sorted(updates, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=not exists)
+            logger.info('%sing LDAP schema customizations in FreeIPA',
+                                                'Add' if exists else 'Delet')
+            logger.debug('LDAP Schema changes: %s', updates)
+            ipa_ldap.bind_s('cn=directory manager',
+                                        getpass('FreeIPA diradmin password: '))
+            ipa_ldap.modify_s(self.FREEIPA_SCHEMA_DN, updates)
+        elif updates:
+            logger.debug('Not %sing LDAP schema customizations in FreeIPA',
+                                                'add' if exists else 'delet')
+        else:
+            logger.debug('LDAP schema customizations are %s in FreeIPA',
+                                        'present' if exists else 'absent')
+        ipa_ldap.unbind()
+        return(not updates or update_schema)
+
+    def search(self, base, *args, relativebase=True, **kwargs):
+        """Search using LDAPObject.search(), adding baseddn to base if needed"""
+        if relativebase and not base.endswith(self._basedn):
+            base += ',' + self._basedn
+        return super(LDAPConnection, self).search(base, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def get_group_members(self, *group):
+        """Returns set with users that are member of the provided group(s)"""
+        if not group:
+            return set()
+        filter=self.filters2str(self.objectclassfilter(*self.GROUP_OBJECTCLASS),
+                                self.groupsfilter(*groups), operator='&')
+        logger.debug('Searching %s members with LDAP filter: %s',group,filter)
+        attrs = (self.GROUP_MEMBERATTR,)
+        msg_id = self.search(self.GROUP_SUBTREE, SCOPE_SUBTREE, filter, attrs)
+        return set(user.decode() for _,res_data,_,_ in ldap.allresults(msg_id)
+                                    for _, entry in res_data
+                                        for userlist in entry.values()
+                                            for user in userlist)
+
+    def get_user_groups(self, user, groups=()):
+        """Returns list of groups that the specified user is member of.
+           checks the list of groups, if provided, or all groups
+        """
+        filter=self.filters2str(self.objectclassfilter(*self.GROUP_OBJECTCLASS),
+                                self.groupmemberfilter(user),
+                                self.groupsfilter(*groups), operator='&')
+        logger.debug('Searching user\'s groups with LDAP filter: %s', filter)
+        attrs = (self.GROUP_NAMEATTR,self.GROUP_GIDATTR,self.GROUP_DESCATTR)
+        msg_id = self.search(self.GROUP_SUBTREE, SCOPE_SUBTREE, filter, attrs)
+        return [ (self.ldapstr2ipa(entry[self.GROUP_NAMEATTR]),
+                    self.ldapstr2ipa(entry[self.GROUP_GIDATTR]),
+                    self.ldapstr2ipa(entry.get(self.GROUP_DESCATTR,
+                                                entry[self.GROUP_NAMEATTR])) )
+                            for _,res_data,_,_ in ldap.allresults(msg_id)
+                                    for dn, entry in res_data ]
+
+    def get_users(self, *users, excl_users=(), customfilter='', attrs=None):
+        """Returns an generator to iterate over LDAP users mapped to FreeIPA.
+           This function obtains the list of users (all if not specified) and
+           support exclusion list and custom filters for further control
+        """
+        filter=self.filters2str(self.objectclassfilter(*self.USER_OBJECTCLASS),
+                                customfilter, self.usersfilter(*users),
+                                self.notfilter(self.usersfilter(*excl_users)),
+                            operator='&', default='(%s=*)'%self.USER_LOGINATTR)
+        logger.debug('Searching users with LDAP filter: %s', filter)
+        msg_id = self.search(self.USER_SUBTREE, SCOPE_SUBTREE, filter, attrs)
+        for res_type,res_data,res_msgid,res_controls in self.allresults(msg_id):
+            for dn, entry in res_data:
+                if logger.getEffectiveLevel() <= logging.DEBUG:
+                    notmigrated = ', '.join(key for key in entry if key not in
+                                    (*self.USER_MAPPING.keys(), 'objectClass'))
+                    if notmigrated:
+                        logger.debug('Ignoring attributes: %s', notmigrated)
+                yield (dn, { ipa_key: conv(v) for k, v in entry.items()
+                            if k in self.USER_MAPPING
+                                for ipa_key, conv in (self.USER_MAPPING[k],) })
+
+
+
+##################[ MacOS LDAP Connection / ResultProcessor ]##################
+class MacOSLDAPConnection(LDAPConnection):
+    """LDAPConnection subclass to migrate from Apple's OpenDirectory"""
+
+    # @staticmethod
+    # def binary2ipa(valuelist): return b64encode(valuelist[0]).decode()
+
+    SCHEMA_ATTRIBUTES = {
+        # Definition (and OID) taken from Apple MacOS Server OpenDirectory
+        b"1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.20":
+            b"( 1.3.6.1.4.1.63.1000.1.1.1.1.20 NAME ( 'apple-generateduid' )"
+            b" DESC 'generated unique ID' X-ORIGIN 'Apple Server OpenDirectoy'"
+            b" EQUALITY caseExactMatch SUBSTR caseExactSubstringsMatch"
+            b" SYNTAX 1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.115.121.1.15 SINGLE-VALUE )",
+    }
+    SCHEMA_OBJECTCLASSES = {
+        # OID: iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprise.lindenaar.2018.8.2.1.1
+        # https://www.iana.org/assignments/enterprise-numbers/enterprise-numbers
+        b"1.3.6.1.4.1.18143.2018.8.2.1.1":
+            b"( 1.3.6.1.4.1.18143.2018.8.2.1.1"
+            b" NAME 'openDirectoryPerson' SUP person STRUCTURAL"
+            b" MAY ( c $ apple-generateduid ) X-ORIGIN 'Extending FreeIPA' )"
+    }
+
+    USER_OBJECTCLASS = ( *LDAPConnection.USER_OBJECTCLASS, 'apple-user' )
+    USER_MAPPING = { **LDAPConnection.USER_MAPPING,
+        'objectClass':        (custom_attr('objectclass'), lambda x: 'openDirectoryPerson'),
+        'c':                  (custom_attr('c'),         LDAPConnection.ldapstr2ipa),
+        'apple-generateduid': (custom_attr('apple-generateduid'),LDAPConnection.ldapstr2ipa),
+        'apple-user-homeurl': LDAPConnection.USER_MAPPING['homeDirectory'],
+        # TODO: MacOS attribute: jpegPhoto
+        # 'jpegPhoto':          (custom_attr('jpegphoto'), binary2ipa.__func__),
+        # TODO: migrate MacOS Passwords (not sure this is possible)
+    }
+
+    GROUP_OBJECTCLASS = ( *LDAPConnection.GROUP_OBJECTCLASS, 'apple-group' )
+    GROUP_DESCATTR = 'apple-group-realname'
+
+
+###########[ Generic function to get/create/update FreeIPA entries ]###########
+def ipa_update_create(api,entity,name,*keys,get_params={},add_params={},**data):
+    """ Generic function to create or update an entity and return it.
+        This will create or update the entity, with key *key so that it reflects
+        the values provided in the mapping **data.
+        Parameters:
+            api:        FreeIPA API object to use
+            entity:     name of the FreeIPA entity type to create/update
+            name:       textual name of the entity for logging
+            keys:       the FreeIPA key for this entity (1 or more values)
+            get_params: additional parameters when retrieving the entity
+            add_params: additional parameters/values when creating the entity
+            data:       mapping containing the desired values for the entity
+        Returns the updated entity
+    """
+    try:
+        ipa_data = getattr(api.Command, '%s_show' % entity)(*keys, **get_params)['result']
+        if data:
+            updates = { k:v for k, v in data.items() if not (k in ipa_data and v in ipa_data[k]) }
+            if updates:
+                logger.info('updating existing %s %s in FreeIPA', name, keys[-1])
+                return getattr(api.Command, '%s_mod' % entity)(*keys, **updates)['result']
+            else:
+                logger.debug('no updates for existing %s %s in FreeIPA', name, keys[-1])
+        else:
+            logger.debug('found existing %s %s in FreeIPA', name, keys[-1])
+        return ipa_data
+    except NotFound:
+        logger.info('creating new %s %s in FreeIPA', name, keys[-1])
+        return getattr(api.Command, '%s_add' % entity)(*keys, **data, **add_params)['result']
+
+
+##########################[ Command-line processing ]##########################
+def parse_args():
+    """Parse command line and get parameters from environment if not set"""
+    parser = ArgumentParser(
+        description='Migrate or synchronize LDAP users with FreeIPA',
+        epilog='(*) unless specified FreeIPA defaults are used. %s is replaced '
+                'by the userID'
+    )
+    parser.add_argument('-V', '--version',action="version",version=PROG_VERSION)
+
+    pgroup = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-O', '--apple-opendirectory',   action='store_const',
+                        dest='ldapconnection', const=MacOSLDAPConnection,
+                        default=LDAPConnection,
+                        help='migrate from Apple\'s MacOS Server OpenDirectory')
+
+    parser.add_argument('ldapserver',  help='LDAP Server to request users from')
+    parser.add_argument('-b', '--basedn', help='Base DN of source LDAP server, defaults to LDAP server')
+    parser.add_argument('-u', '--user', nargs='+',  default=(),
+                        help='user(s) to migrate/synchronize, defaults to all')
+    parser.add_argument('-g', '--member-of', nargs='+', dest='user_group', default=(),
+                        help='migrate/synchronize members of group(s)')
+    parser.add_argument('-x', '--exclude-user', nargs='+',  dest='x_user', default=(),
+                        help='user(s) to exclude')
+    parser.add_argument('-X', '--exclude-group', nargs='+',  dest='x_group', default=(),
+                        help='exclude users in specified group(s)')
+    parser.add_argument('-f', '--filter', help='additional LDAP filter to apply')
+    parser.add_argument('-G', '--migrate-groups', nargs='*', dest='group',
+                        help='migrate groups+membership for specified or all groups')
+    parser.add_argument('-H', '--migrate-homedir', nargs='?',  dest='homedir', default="",
+                        help='Migrate (if empty) or set homedir (*)')
+    parser.add_argument('-S', '--migrate-loginshell', nargs='?',  dest='loginshell', default="",
+                        help='Migrate (if empty) or set login shell (*)')
+    parser.add_argument('-P', '--migrate-password', action='store_true',
+                        help='migrate passwords from LDAP (if present)')
+    parser.add_argument('-p', '--enforce-passwords', dest='password_logfile',
+                        help='enforce users have passwords, file generated passwords')
+    parser.add_argument('-s', '--stage', action='store_true',
+                        help='create new users as staged users')
+    parser.add_argument('-c', '--compatibility-view', dest='idview',
+                        help='Maintain ID Compatibility view to preserve UID/GID/homedir/shell')
+    parser.add_argument('-U', '--update-schema', action='store_true',
+                        help='Configure necessary LDAP schema customizations')
+    parser.add_argument('-C', '--cleanup-schema', action='store_true',
+                        help='Remove applied LDAP schema customizations and exit')
+
+    pgroup = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+    pgroup.add_argument('-q', '--quiet',   action=SetLogLevel, const=logging.CRITICAL,
+                        default=logging.CRITICAL, help='quiet (only fatal errors)')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action=SetLogLevel, const=logging.INFO,
+                        help='more verbose output')
+    pgroup.add_argument('-d', '--debug',   action=SetLogLevel, const=logging.DEBUG,
+                        help='debug output')
+    parser.add_argument('-l', '--logfile', action=SetLogFile,
+                        help='send logging output to logfile')
+
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+############################[ LDAPUser processing ]############################
+def process_user(api, userid, user_data, stage=False, enforce_password=False):
+    """Process a single LDAP user and synchronize with FreeIPA using its API"""
+    logger.info('processing LDAP user %s', userid)
+
+    try:
+        ipa_data = api.Command.user_show(userid, all=True)['result']
+        logger.debug('found active user %s', userid)
+        stage = False
+    except NotFound:
+        try:
+            ipa_data = api.Command.stageuser_show(userid, all=True)['result']
+            if stage:
+                logger.debug('found existing stage entry for user %s', userid)
+            else:
+                logger.info('activating stage user %s', userid)
+                api.Command.stageuser_activate(userid)
+        except NotFound:
+            ipa_data = { }
+
+    what = 'stageuser' if stage else 'user'
+    updates = user_data if not ipa_data else { key: value
+                for key, value in user_data.items() if not (key in ipa_data and
+                                value in ipa_data[key] if isinstance(value, str)
+                                else set(value).issubset(ipa_data[key])) }
+
+    if ipa_data.get('has_password') and 'userpassword' in updates:
+        logger.debug('Not replacing existing password for %s %s', what, userid)
+        del updates['userpassword']
+    elif enforce_password and not (stage or ipa_data.get('has_password')):
+        logger.info('Enforcing password for user %s in FreeIPA', userid)
+        updates['random'] = True
+
+    if updates or not ipa_data:
+        action = 'Upd' if ipa_data else 'Cre'
+        logger.info('%sating %s %s in FreeIPA', action, what, userid)
+        logger.debug('%sating %s %s with %s', action, what, userid, updates)
+        cust=[k+'='+v for k,v in updates.items() if isinstance(k, custom_attr)]
+        if cust:
+            updates = { 'addattr': cust if ipa_data else None, **{ k:v
+                for k,v in updates.items() if not isinstance(k, custom_attr) }}
+        command = getattr(api.Command, what + ('_mod' if ipa_data else '_add'))
+        ipa_data = command(userid, **updates)['result']
+        if cust and action == 'Cre':
+            getattr(api.Command, what + '_mod')(userid, addattr=cust)
+    else:
+        logger.debug('no updates for %s %s in FreeIPA', what, userid)
+
+    return ipa_data.get('memberof_group', ()), stage, \
+                                                ipa_data.get('randompassword')
+
+
+#########################[ Get FreeIPA group members ]#########################
+def get_group(api, group, gid, description, idview, group_cache={}):
+    try:
+        return group_cache[group]
+    except KeyError:
+        ipa_group = ipa_update_create(api, 'group', 'group', group,
+                                    add_params={'description': description})
+        result = group_cache[group] = ipa_group.get('member_user', [])
+
+        if idview: # Update or create idoverride for group?
+            ipa_update_create(api, 'idoverridegroup', 'GID override', idview,
+                              group, gidnumber=gid, cn=group, add_params={
+                  'description': "Added by %s while syncronizing %s with %s" \
+                                      % (PROG_NAME, group, args.ldapserver) })
+        return result
+
+
+######################[ Update FreeIPA group membership ]######################
+def group_commit(command, desc, group, updates):
+    logger.info('Updating FreeIPA group %s, %s: %s', group, desc, updates)
+    getattr(api.Command, command)(group, user=list(updates))
+
+def group_queue(command, desc, groups, users, commit, maxqueue=0, queue={}):
+    if groups and users:
+        for group in (groups,) if isinstance(groups, str) else groups:
+            try:
+                queued = queue[group]
+                queued.update((users,) if isinstance(users, str) else users)
+                if not commit and len(queued) > maxqueue:
+                    group_commit(command, desc, group, queued)
+                    del queue[group]
+            except KeyError:
+                queue[group] = set((users,) if isinstance(users,str) else users)
+    if commit and queue:
+        for group, updates in queue.items():
+            group_commit(command, desc, group, updates)
+        queue.clear()
+
+def group_add(api, groups=None, users=None, commit=False, maxq=100, queue={}):
+    group_queue('group_add_member', 'adding', groups, users, commit, maxq,queue)
+
+def group_del(api, groups=None, users=None, commit=False, maxq=100, queue={}):
+    group_queue('group_remove_member','removing',groups,users,commit,maxq,queue)
+
+
+###############################################################################
+def attr_replace(data, attr, value, param=None):
+    """Remove/overwrite data[option] based on value, return inital data[option].
+       parameters:
+         data - dict to update
+         option - attribute in data to update
+         value - if ''-->delete, if None-->no change, else overwrite with value
+         param - if value contains %s, it will be replaced by this value
+    """
+    result = data.get(attr)
+    if value:
+        data[attr] = value % userid if '%s' in value else value
+    elif value == '' and result is not None:
+        del data[attr]
+    return result
+def attr_remove(data, attr):  return attr_replace(data, attr, '', None)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    logging.basicConfig(format=LOG_FORMAT)
+    args = parse_args()
+
+    try:
+        logger.debug('connecting to FreeIPA')
+        if api.isdone('finalize') is False:
+            api.bootstrap_with_global_options(context='api')
+            api.finalize()
+        api.Backend.rpcclient.connect()
+
+        logger.info('Connecting to LDAP server %s', args.ldapserver)
+        ldap = args.ldapconnection(args.ldapserver, args.basedn)
+
+        if not ldap.check_schema(exists=not args.cleanup_schema,
+                    update_schema=args.update_schema or args.cleanup_schema):
+            logger.error("Required LDAP schema customizations not in FreeIPA")
+            exit(1)
+        elif args.cleanup_schema:
+            print("LDAP schema customizations are removed from FreeIPA")
+            exit(0)
+
+        if args.idview:     # Ensure IDView exists (if specified)
+            ipa_update_create(api, 'idview', 'Compatibility View', args.idview,
+                add_params={ 'description': 'Created by %s while syncronizing '
+                                    'with %s' % (PROG_NAME, args.ldapserver) })
+
+        logger.info('searching for users')
+        excl_users = ldap.get_group_members(*args.x_group) | set(args.x_user)
+        users = ldap.get_group_members(*args.user_group) | set(args.user)
+        for dn, user_data in ldap.get_users(*users, excl_users=excl_users,
+                                                    customfilter=args.filter):
+            user, *aliases = attr_remove(user_data, 'uid')
+            if aliases:
+                logger.warn('ignoring additional userid\'s for user %s: %s',
+                                                        user,', '.join(aliases))
+            if not args.migrate_password:
+                attr_remove(user_data, 'userpassword')
+            uid=attr_remove(user_data, 'uidnumber')
+            gid=attr_remove(user_data, 'gidnumber')
+            homedir=attr_replace(user_data,'homedirectory',args.homedir,user)
+            loginshell=attr_replace(user_data,'loginshell',args.loginshell,user)
+
+            in_groups, is_stage, password = process_user(api, user, user_data,
+                stage=args.stage, enforce_password=bool(args.password_logfile))
+
+            if password:
+                with open(args.password_logfile, 'a') as file:
+                    print(user, password, user_data.get('givenname',''),
+                        user_data.get('sn',''), user_data.get('cn',''),
+                        ','.join(user_data.get('mail','')), sep='\t', file=file)
+
+            if is_stage:
+                logger.debug('not processing group membership or ID overrides '
+                                'for stage user %s', user)
+                continue
+
+            if args.idview:     # Update or create the idoverride for the user?
+                ipa_update_create(api, 'idoverrideuser', 'UID/GID override',
+                            args.idview, user, uidnumber=uid, gidnumber=gid,
+                            homedirectory=homedir, loginshell=loginshell,
+                            add_params={ 'description':
+                                    "Added by %s while syncronizing %s with %s"
+                                        % (PROG_NAME, user, args.ldapserver)})
+
+            if args.group is not None:
+                remaining_groups = list(in_groups) if not args.group else \
+                                    [ g for g in in_groups if g in args.group ]
+                for group, gid, desc in ldap.get_user_groups(user, args.group):
+                    if user not in get_group(api,group,gid,desc,args.idview):
+                        logger.debug('adding user %s to group %s', user, group)
+                        group_add(api, group, user)
+                    if group in remaining_groups:
+                        remaining_groups.remove(group)
+                if remaining_groups:
+                    logger.debug('removing user %s from group(s) %s', user,
+                                                    ', '.join(remaining_groups))
+                    group_del(api, remaining_groups, user)
+
+        group_add(api, commit=True)
+        group_del(api, commit=True)
+    except LDAPError as e:
+        logger.critical("Error with LDAP commmunication: %s", e)
+    except AuthenticationError:
+        logger.critical("Unable to authenticate to FreeIPA, "
+                                "make sure you have a valid Kerberos ticket!")
+    except PublicError as e:
+        logger.critical("error while communicating with FreeIPA: %s", e)
+    else:
+        exit(0)
+    exit(1)
+
--
libgit2 0.22.2